In stationary mode, the cosine effect benefits which type of violator?

In stationary mode, the cosine effect primarily benefits the violator who is driving towards the speed detection device at an angle rather than directly toward it. This situation can lead to a lower speed reading due to the geometry involved in measuring speed.

When a vehicle approaches the radar device at an angle, the true speed of the vehicle may be measured as slower than its actual speed because only a component of the vehicle's speed is being detected due to the cosine of the angle between the direction of travel and the radar beam. This effect makes it easier for the violating driver to escape detection or be recorded at a lower speed than they are actually driving. Therefore, the designation of "benefiting violator" is fitting as they are effectively getting away with a higher speed than what would be recorded by the speed detection equipment when aimed at a direct approach.

The other types of violators mentioned don't highlight the specific advantage derived from this geometric effect: static violators are not moving, unaware violators may not be consciously violating speed limits, and engaged violators are those who are actively choosing to speed. It is the "benefiting violator" that is most directly linked to the nuances of the cosine effect in radar speed detection.